Glossing Abbreviations

This page lists the glossing abbreviations used in the interlinear glossed texts on this site, following the Leipzig Glossing Rules. Abbreviations appear in small caps in the gloss lines and show their full meaning on hover.

Abbreviation Meaning
1pl first person plural
1sg first person singular
2pl second person plural
2sg second person singular
3pl third person plural
3sg third person singular
acp accomplished
assoc.pl associative plural
cm class marker
con connective
cop copula
dem demonstrative
emph emphatic
foc focus
fut future
hab habitual
inan inanimate
indef indefinite
ipfv imperfective
neg negative
nmlz nominalizer
nom nominative
obv obviative
part particle
pfv perfective
pl plural
poss possessive
pro pronoun
prog progressive
refl reflexive
rel relative
res resumptive
sbjv subjunctive
str strong